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    從香港國際現代音樂節 2002的閉幕音樂會看香港未來藝術文化的政策

    前言: 這一篇樂評,雖說是舊作,但我所提出,及所擔心的問題,在今天 2011 年的香港音樂界裡,仍是隱隱可見。難道自由創作的風氣,真的是隨著回歸而告終? 希望各音樂界同工,能從這篇文章反思一下自身的創作立場。謝謝!

    從香港國際現代音樂節 2002的閉幕音樂會看香港未來藝術文化的政策
    最近,文化委員會發表了一份關於未來香港文化藝術發展的文件,名為諮詢文件2002,其中提出了香港未來的文化定位,並且指出所有香港的藝術發展應在中華文化的基礎上進行創作,以確立香港人對民族文化和其中華民族身份的認同,這才應該是香港未來藝術發展的主要方向。可是,這項建議,卻引起了各界藝術工作者的擔憂。如果政府的定位政策得以落實,這可能影響了藝術創作的自由。因為大部份的支助將會由於中華文化身份認同這個政策的緣故,落在那些只與中國文化有關的藝術創作身上,而忽略了開拓國際視野,發展多元化的藝術,及建立香港本土自已獨特的藝術文化,並違背了創作自由這個基本的藝術原則。香港現代音樂的發展,也因這份諮詢文件,而難以獨善其身。
    究竟政府應該為香港未來文化藝術的發展定位與否,實在頗具爭議。然而,在十月十九日晚,香港中樂團在大會堂音樂廳,為香港國際現代音樂節 2002而演出的一場閉幕音樂會中,卻給了我們一個關於未來香港現代音樂創作,或藝術發展的定位問題的啟示。
    在這場音樂會裏,全部六首作品的作曲家都是接受西方音樂技巧的訓練。他們自已的創作也大部份是以西方現代音樂為主。可是,他們這次卻為中樂團寫作中國風格的音樂。當然,筆者在這裏,並不是要討論他們的作品是否能成功表現出中華民族的音樂風格; 可是,無可否認的是,這六首作品都是以中國,或民族文化為基礎而創作的。作曲家都自發地嘗試將一些中國音樂,或民族文化的元素放進他們的現代音樂創作裏面,表現出承先啟後的創作精神。例如,林樂培的問蒼天,他用的是聖詠序曲的曲體,雖屬於一種西方的音樂曲體,但音樂的古樂器聲,調子,卻是古氣盎然,充滿中華民族遠祖的風采。聽眾是很難否認作品中的中國元素。
    另一首由羅永輝創作的現代中國音樂作品潑墨仙人,就更能表現出作品是含有中華文化的元素在內。這首作品的琵琶部份,很明顯是從一些古琵琶曲,如武曲,十面埋伏的演奏方式移植借用過來的。而琵琶與樂隊的組合,卻以現代音樂的手法,利用聲響去捕捉潑墨仙人這幅畫的藝術精神,及古人的飄逸情懷。毫無疑問,羅氏的這個音樂創作,也表現出他自覺地從中國文化的基礎上,去進行其現代音樂的藝術創作。
    至於鐘耀光的永恆之城和郭文景的滇西土風兩首,可說是完全植根於中國及民族民化的基礎上而寫作的。永恆之城是21 世紀香港中樂團國際作曲大賽的冠軍作品。音樂處處能揉合西方現代的作曲技巧和傳統的中樂元素,是一首典形的中國現代音樂創作。而部文景的滇西土風兩首則是取材於中國的小數民族的音樂元素,去創作一首全新的音樂作品。這也是中樂團的委約作品。由於音樂材料是現成的民族音樂元素,這更能體現作曲家在從事現代音樂創作時,對於繼承中國民族音樂特點的重視。
    說到陳明志的刮風的日子,雖然全曲的寫作手法相當西方音樂式的前衛,以音層性的音響為主,不似是以中國文化為基礎的創作; 但是,聽眾不要忘記,這首作品卻探索了中國傅統樂器的各種演奏技巧的可能性,拓展了民族樂器在現代音樂中的表現。這首音樂作品,也算是承傳於中華文化的一項現代發展。
    因此,藉著回顧這一場音樂會裏的各首音樂作品,我們不難發現,在華人作曲家的音樂創作裏,是有一隻無形的手在背後調節著他們的藝術創作方向,亦即是他們的藝術文化的定位。 他們無論是出於有意,或是無意,華人音樂創作者都會探索,寫作一些與他們的民族文化身份認同的音樂藝術創作,他們不約而同的植根於中國音樂的傳統,從而探索現在,發展將來。他們大都相信,成功的現代音樂創作,或多或少都跟自已的民族文化有關。他們絕對樂於把中華民族,或傳統文化有關的音樂元素,融合在自已的音樂創作裏。所以,對於香港未來的現代音樂藝術發展方向,實在不需要文化委員會以,甚麼文化身份認同,或是甚麼中華文化的基礎上發展香港的藝術文化作為定位的政策。這種過度強調,缺乏闡釋及監管的指引方式,常常因用白紙黑字記錄下來而成為了硬性規條。很多時候,這些所為指引更很容易被一些不懂藝術的官員所濫用,或個人政治性的取向的影響,造成了創作自由被扼殺的嚴重後果。這難怪當諮詢文件一推出,就引起了香港藝術工作者,包括作曲家們的擔憂。恐怕我們本來多姿多彩,各種各色的的現代音樂花園,會因政府政策的間接拑制,變成了只能孤芳自賞,只擁有單一種花的音樂花園。這是香港現代音樂的悲哀,也是香港整體藝術文化的悲哀。
    所以,政府與其發出指引,變成了變相干預了香港未來文化藝術的自由發展,不如讓藝術創作上這隻 無形的手去自行發揮作用,適當地調節著作曲者自已的藝術文化定位與取向。我們深信,這隻 無形的手會像經濟學上,阿當史密斯所論到的供求定律一樣,會給予香港現代音樂,一個自由的創作空間或 市場,從而發展一種既植根於中華文化的基礎上,但又屬於香港自已的獨特音樂藝術文化的創作。再者,我們不應忘記,香港已經回歸了,成為中國領土的一部份。無論香港的藝術文化發展成怎麼樣子,就算是不中不西,或是中西合壁,也是屬於我們中華民族,或是中國藝術文化的一個不可分割的部份,所有的音樂創作和各類的藝術,根本無須刻意地作民族身份的認同。
    因以,政府應放棄以中國,或民族文化為主位中心,去為香港未來藝術文化而定位的建議,讓各項藝術的創作,包括現代音樂的創作,在這隻自由的 無形的手中繼續自由運作,順其自然地發展。不然的話,這個所謂藝術文化定位的指引,就只會變成另一隻 無形的手,不是調節,而是在背後操控,為香港未來藝術的發展,帶來了一場無可挽回的嚴重災難。
    David Leung (theorydavid)
    2002 (published in In-school Journal)
    2011-04-12 (re-published)

    聆聽 — 透視音樂理論的一個層面

    前言: 身為一位音樂理論的導師,我一直都很喜歡探究 music theory 如何與聆聽扣上關係。這個題目也有很多知名的研究學者發表過有影響力的文章。當然我這個入們漢也不想在這裡班門弄斧。所以,我這篇文章只算是評論這些大師的研究心得,讓有興趣的讀者對這題目有些了解。

    正文:

    Perception: A Perspective from Music Theory
    Music and cognitive psychology seem to be inseparable. Since music is for listening, it involves human perception. On the one hand, musicians aim to discover the musical structure to gain better interpretation and understanding of actual compositions. On the other hand, cognitive psychologists tend to be more interested in exploring mental theories of how musical events may be perceived. But does music theory and music analysis relate to cognitive science? Nicholas Cook’s article attempts to distinguish the discipline of music theory from that of cognitive psychology. According to Cook, they are radically two different branches of study. He blames that cognitive or information theory places too much emphasis on psychoacoustical studies but overlooks the meaning and cultural value of music. Cook argues that there are potential pitfalls in applying general psychological theories to music without taking into account what listeners actually hear, and why. Listeners usually do not listen to music according to large-scale structures. In addition, Cook points out that studies on the recognition of intervals, chord progressions, and key centers are merely tests of ear training, but not to be considered as the significance of music.
    Although cognitive experiments have been carried out attempting to prove that untrained listeners do not listen to music in the same way that musicians do, and what matters to them is not the same as what matters to music theorists. However, according to Cook, these experiments only reflect that interviewers’ responses are mainly a matter of playing game of language. The finding that the musicians and non-musicians are not bound by the same rule in listening is not an adequate basis for saying anything about how they perceive music in their own ways. 
    Cook also asserts that the next question showing the fallacy of cognitive theory of music is that no listeners tend to hear the tonal structure of music. Of course, there are a few exceptions to this. Composers, sometimes, would pay attention to the tonal structure of a composition. Milton Babbit, was being told in a story, that he could hear in his first time of the wrongly performed tone-row series in a serial composition. Boulez’s enigmatic tone-row series in Le Marteau is also another example to show the weakness of cognitive theory of music. Compositional grammar designed by Boulez is more or less different from listening grammar enhanced by listeners. If the composition is atonal, its tonal structure is less to be considered by general listeners. On the contrary, Cook’s experiment shows that the compositions by tonal composers have more psychological effects on the listeners and they can hear the change of tonal areas in the work. However, the radical question remains: do listeners hear the large-scale tonal structure of a work? Music theory seems to possess a hierarchy of analytical system in music: large-scale and smaller-scale analysis. However, Meyer criticizes such a hierarchy of analytical theory in music. The so-called deepest level of Schenkerian structure, the Ursatz, is simply an abstraction. It, perhaps, does not exist in perception.
    Applying linguistic theory to analyze music, according to Cook, is also problematic. Grammar by definition is a finite set of rules that will generate all and only well-formed sentences in a given language. Music works do not possess unalterable set of rules in nature. We may often hear someone claims that Bach always broke the rules or rules are made by man, not man by rule. Hence composers always show no interests in following compositional rules. As a result, there are many factors that militate against the usefulness of explaining music in terms of strict grammars. Even though purporting to analyze musical sound, the transformational theory of music, as Cook claims, is better treated as a game of ear-training for musicians, rather than a real psychological perception of music.

    In short, although Cook points out that there is a pitfall of mistranslation of different theories from different disciplines into music theory, he hasn’t suggested an infallible theory of music that can bind musical sound, psychological cognition and cultural parameters together. It is widely known that musical meaning is not confined to psychological cognition or political and socio-cultural associations solely. Different theories can more or less improve our understanding of music in a particular aspect. No matter developing theories from linguistic, scientific, acoustic, psychological, transformational, rhetorical, cultural, topical or aesthetic disciplines, each successful theory can contribute to the understanding of one of the most abstract form of art, music, in the world.

    David Leung (theorydavid)

    2011-04-07 (published)

    玩盡規則 — 在寫作上應用修辭手法 — 陳 sir 的一個有意思的回應

    前言: 早前收到 Spencer Chan 的一個回應,覺得很有見地。 而且,他提及一部有關新詩寫作的新書。近日,我也收到蕭才子的簡單回應。查實我還以為他像 BT一樣消聲匿跡,早已忘記到我的網誌流灠。我想他是詩人,可能有看過這本新書,所以順道在這裡將陳 sir 的回應文章轉載,希望與各位朋友分享一下玩盡規則的樂趣。

    正文:

    Spencer Chan 已針對您的文章「玩盡規則 — 在寫作上應用修辭手法」留下新意見:

    我的一位詩人朋友陳永康先生曾說過:語文要學的是「規範」,而文學要學的,是怎樣去「犯規」。這個文字gag 實在是一針見血。
    語文的目的是溝通,只要讀者能看得明,那便無需再有其他額外的要求了。但文學呢?若只達到溝通目的的話,還未觸及到文學的邊皮。
    但「犯規」其實都有其「規範」的,若無止境的「犯規」,連最基本與讀者交流的作用都失效的話,這個「犯規」便是一個嚴重的破壞了。當然,有時,無止境的犯規都可表達一種藝術姿態,John Cage 的 4’33″就是一個很好的例子了。
    怎樣在「規範」之中「犯規」並帶有個人印記,正就是最考工夫的地方。很多人自以為只要將一段文字柝散成一行行便是懂寫新詩,這就是一個天大的誤解。就正因為這個原因,新詩看似人人都懂得寫,但不是個個可以成為詩人。
    在「犯規」與「規範」之間遊走,跟Leung Sir 在這篇文章所說的,實在有異曲同工之妙。是一個工匠(或技師)還是藝術家,就看他在rules 之上還可以怎樣雕花,怎樣加入個人印記了。
    Leung sir 這兩篇文章實在寫得好,讀者若能用心地看,必能獲益良多。
    (容許我在這裡賣一個廣告,上面提及的那位詩人朋友陳永康的新作「新詩讀寫基本法」已經出版(匯智出版社出版),這是我所知的第一本系統介紹新詩的讀寫方法的一本著作,實在難得,值得推介!)

    轉載自陳 sir 的回應文章

    2011-04-03

    何為壯美? Sublimity and Beauty in the19th Century Romanticism

    前言: 當我們談到十九世紀的歐洲浪漫主義,總不免說到這時期的藝術作品的宏偉與壯麗。查實,浪漫主義,也跟各類藝術發展起來的美學觀點有著千絲萬縷的關係。其中一種美學感受,就是 sublimity,我現在翻為壯美。但凡壯美的作品,必定是宏偉與龐大的。可予人一種然生畏的感覺,就如你看著波濤洶湧的海浪,翻騰不息,那種感覺經驗,就是壯美了。

    正文:

                                                           The “Sublime” and “Beauty” 

    When E.T.A. Hoffmann’s imaginative criticism of Beethoven’s symphony no. 5 was published in the 19th century, the concept of “musical sublimity” was also come across as a novel way of understanding of pure instrumental music, and symphony in particular. As Hoffmann suggests in his writing, Beethoven’s music has a power of transporting listeners to the realms of the monstrous and the unfathomable, which is different from that of Haydn’s sensational delight and Mozart’s emotional touching. Indeed this listening experience of transporting audiences to a new “realm” is somewhat similar to Fetis’s concept of aesthetic experience. For Fetis, music can present two levels of aesthetic experience to the listeners. One is commonly described as the experience of beauty, and the other, the experience of the sublime. He declared: “We listen to a piece of music……It disturbs us; it carries us away…… how beautiful, we exclaim, how great, how sublime!”
    According to Elaine Sisman, a (present day) contemporary musicologist, the sublime is regarded as an aesthetic category that usually appears as a component of the elevated or grand style of rhetoric. The rhetorical modes of thought which operated in 18th century instrumental music was a mind-set-like theory affecting the structure and design of a work, as well as the audience’s understandings of that work. But the concept of sublime has gone beyond a kind of figurative mode of speech and has been elevated to a form of aesthetic state akin to an echo of a noble mind, a grand conception and a sense of beauty. To use the term “sublime” to describe the expressive power of music shows a change of emphasis from expression as a mirror of the human emotions of Classical aesthetics to expression as the revelation of the ineffable of Romantic aesthetics. Edmund Burke further argues that sublime objects are vast in their dimensions and this “sublime” ought to be dark and gloomy, being beyond any comprehension and presenting an overwhelming but irrational experience to the listeners. The concept of vast sublimity undoubtedly leads to the notions of “sublime terror” and “monumental simplicity” that sheds a new light on understanding the music of late Mozart, Beethoven and even many Romantic musical giants afterward. As such, when the concept of sublimity was applied to instrumental music, in order to manifest the notion of “grand, monumental and terrifying design”, the simple songs were no longer appropriate to such ideal. It was the symphony, a genre which as Haydn had demonstrated, was capable of creating a form spanning hundreds of measures using mainly the logic of harmony and theme without recourse to text, was generally considered as the highest form of all arts. And the metaphysical aesthetic of 19th century Romanticism was then fully developed under the aegis of this concept of musical sublimity and the rising importance of the musical genre — symphony.
    David Leung (theorydavid)
    2011-03-29 (published)

    玩盡規則 — 在寫作上應用修辭手法

    前言: 早前寫了一篇文章關於寫作和聲應否跟隨 rules ,不講 feel。有一位 教 Flute 的老師 Spencer Chan 留言,表示同意我的平衡觀點。他評論道: “所言甚是!就正如我們中國人說中文時,雖不會理會文法,但這並不代表我們可以不合文法,只是作為中國人,文法已牢牢印在心中,隨心而發便可說出合文法的說話吧。我們雖沒有刻意使用文法,但其實已是根據文法去說我們的說話,絕不能將「我愛你」說成是「我你愛」。 無論樂器還是樂理、作曲、編曲,我們都應將 rules 熟練到可以隨心而發才去講 feel。”

    在這裡,我是很感謝有讀者留言以表鼓勵。我上一篇文章,也是有發表過近似 Chan Sir 的論點。可是,我仍然想就他所說的最後一句話的意義,再加以擴展補充。我認為就算將所有音樂或和聲 的 rules 這個文法熟練,仍是不夠去發揮音樂中的神采與靈氣,表現 feeling,因為還欠了一樣東西,就是我們還要熟練到可以運用 rhetorics 去玩盡所有的 rules.

    正文:

    寫作文章,總離不開怎樣在循規蹈矩,奉公守法之餘表現自我個性。循規蹈矩和奉公守法是必須的,因為任何語言皆有其使用者必須遵從的模式,法則,邏輯,結構特徵成方式,或是語言要成為一種有效的表達和溝通工具的先決條件,不然的話,語言不但無法學習,更無法使用。所以,寫作音樂,和聲的法則規條,是有它的效用。

    這當然並不意味這些原則和規範是寫在石頭上的鐵律,永遠都一成不變。可是,若果我們寫文章,只力求文法正確,那麼,我們最多只能做個稱職的審稿編輯,而不是個作家,或個藝術家,甚至作曲家。作家之所以是作家,不是因為他家的文章全無錯誤,而是因為他其獨特的聲音和鮮明的個性。在音樂上,亦是如此。因此,Beethoven 是 Beethoven,不會是另一個 Mozart,就算兩者都是以 tonal harmony 的法則和以 major-minor system 來寫作其音樂。這就解釋為何同學們就算學完了 Advance Harmony,也是不能完全懂得個別作曲家和其特定作品的音樂風格和特點。因為 Advance Harmony 只是 Generalized 了的一般法則。

    返回我們的編輯和作家的比喻。正如作家林沛理所說,他們兩者最大的分別就是: 前者懂得如何在客觀 impersonal,屬於每一個人 communal 的文法中留下個人的印記 stamp,甚至簽名 signature, 而後者只會做文法的保安和執法者 grammar police。這就能解釋為何我們一聽第五交響曲的開頭四個音,就知是 Beethoven 留下的印記,而不是 Schubert 的。

    所以,要寫得優美,寫得動人,寫得有 feel, 寫得有個人 style,無論作家又好,作曲家又好,都要懂得玩弄那些 rules,最佳的方法,就是運用不尋常的修辭法  rhetorics。

    我現試以英語寫一段落,請讀者看看,評評我是否能將個人的印記,通過不落套的 rhetorical setting 去將我在暮年才以合唱指揮和總監的身份,能以音樂再度踏足表演舞台的感受,烙印在文字裡 ?

    Fifty — the promise of more than a decade of nothingness, a thinning list of closest friends to know, a thinning briefcase of enthusiasm, thinning hair. But there has been music in me, who, unlike the deadly utterance of my boss, is too stubborn ever to carry my old fading dream from age to age. As I pick up the baton guiding their wan faces, they tremble against my only deepest zest for music and the formidable stroke of fifty dies away with the reassuring pressure of their hardly murmurs. I wonder as if it is singing, though. Still I stand up to the promise through the stage in the slowly dimming light.

    朋友們,你們看看如何。我倒希望合唱團的成員有人明白我這個真的感受。我相信這段的英語程度不淺。可能只有 BT明白,她的英語不錯。所以,如果我們真得體會 rhetorics 的效用,我們應會明白,第一句本人用了 — 符號去 replace verb,(玩盡文法,句法是由某作家借學過來的) 再加三個 head motive 似的 thinning。你知道 briefcase of enthusiasm 是暗指我對上班做事的熱誠嗎? metaphor 是也。nothingness 在此處是指 一事無成。stand up to 是指迎向,迎戰那往後十年的一事無成。還有,我們 recording 時是關上燈的。reasurring pressure 是對比 ,contrast 著 chorus 歌唱的 murmurs,因為他們不是專業的合唱團。

    如果文字可以造出個人風格效果,音樂語言,也是一種溝通媒介,所以也定必可以。當然,音樂比較抽象,我們要更多不同的 theory,才可以幫助我們進一步了解其意義。我們也不可能以語文的修辭法,完全不變的套用到音樂上。因為音樂彙語的結構跟語文文法的結構是不同的。我早前曾淺談音樂的修辭學,可是,以我所知,現在有很多當代音樂理論家也正研究這個學科,如 Robert Hatten 的Markedness and Markedlessness,Allanbrook 的 topical theory 等。我有機會,就會跟各位談談他們的 theory 要點。

    總的來說,藝術家要懂得 rules,然後要玩盡 rules, 再來印上個人簽名,才可以表達自己的 feel,音樂的神彩。

    全文完………

    David Leung (theorydavid)
    2011-03-25 (published)

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